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Benchmark Review

10/22/2014

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Compare – Noting the SIMILARITIES in two or more objects

Contrast - Noting the DIFFERENCES in two or more objects

Control – The standard used to compare with the outcome of a test

Data – Recorded observations and measurements

Density – Measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume of objects

Dependent Variable – What is measured in an experiment: The response to the independent variable

Independent Variable – The factor that is changed in an experiment

Graph – Diagram that shows the relationship of one variable to another

Hypothesis – A prediction that can be tested

Inference – An attempt to explain or interpret observations

Law – Scientific theory that has been tested many times and is generally accepted as true

Mass – Measure of the amount of a matter in an object

Qualitative – Describing something using only words

Quantitative – describing how much of something there is using Numbers… quantity

Scientific method – Systematic approach to problem solving

Sequence – An arrangement of things or events in a particular order

Theory – An explanation of things base on many observations

Variable – The factor tested in an experiment

Volume – The amount of space an object takes up. Not how loud something is…

Cell Theory – States that all organisms are made up of one or more cells, Cells are the basic unit of life, and cells    come from cells that already exist.

Biogenesis – The theory that living things come only from other living things (Correct Theory)

Spontaneous Generation  - The theory that living things come from non-living things (Incorrect Theory)

Compound Light Microscope – The fancy words for the microscopes you use in class

Eukaryotic Cells – Cells that have a Nuclear Membrane

Prokaryotic Cells – Cells that do NOT have a nuclear membrane

 

Metric System – What the entire world uses except U.S. – Meter, Liter, Grams

            Meter – Basic unit of length

            Liter – Basic unit of volume in the metric system

            Grams – Basic unit of weight

 

Mitosis – The process in which the cell divides into two exact copies

Prophase – “Prepare” – The genetic material bundles up and forms chromosomes and the nuclear membrane break down. The centrioles move to the poles of the cell.

Metaphase - “Middle” – The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The centrioles attach to the chromosomes

       Anaphase – “Apart”  - The chromosomes are ripped apart and 1 set of each chromosomes move to each side

       Telophase – “Two” – The cell begins to split into two and the nuclear membranes start to reform

           

            Cytokinesis  “Cut” – The cell finally splits apart. This results in two exact copies of the original cell

“Mitosis makes my toeses Meiosis made me”

Interphase – The cell remains in interphase for most of the time it is alive. Only when it gets the signal does it start Mitosis

Meiosis – Is slightly different than Mitosis and makes the sex cells (sperm, eggs)

 

 

 

CELL ORGANELLES (*only in plants)

            Cell Membrane – Outer Boundary of the cell that allows only certain materials to pass into and out of the cell

            Cytoplasm – Gel-Like material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus

            Endoplasmic Reticulum – Folded membrane that moves materials around in the cell (Transportation)

            Mitochondria or Mitochondrion – Breaks down food and releases energy (Cell Powerhouse)

            Nucleus – Directs all cell activities (the brain of the cell)

            Vacuoles – Storage tanks for the cell (much bigger in plants, but still present in animals)

            Lysosome – Contain chemicals that digest wastes and worn-out cell parts as well as break down food

            Ribosomes – Where all the protein is made

*Cell Wall – Rigid Structure made of cellulose that supports and protects the plant cell; Found outside cell membrane

*Chloroplast – Organelles in plant cells that change light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugar (glucose)

*Chlorophyll – Green pigment in plant cells that traps light energy, which is then used to produce food for the plant cell

           

Movement of materials across a membrane

Active Transportation – Energy requiring process that can “carry” a substance into a cell

Passive Transportation – Movement of a material across a cell without the use of energy (Water does this)

Diffusion – Movement of molecules from an area where there is a HIGH concentration to LOW concentration (think about water behind a dam and what happens if the dam is taken away).

Osmosis – Diffusion of WATER into and out of the cell (moves through the cell membrane). Water is moving constantly

Equilibrium – The state where molecules of a substance are spread out EVENLY throughout a space. Equal

Selective Permeability – The property of a cell membrane that allows some materials to pass through while keeping other materials out. Like the Security guy at the club that only lets the pretty ladies in.

 

Digestion – Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules that cells can absorb and use

Irritability – The property of living organisms that permits them to react to stimuli

Metabolism – Total of all chemical activities of an organism that enable it to stay alive, grow and replicate.

 

Cell – The smallest unit of an organism that can perform life functions

Tissue – Group of similar cells that work together to do a job. They form Organs

Organ – Structure, such as the heart, made of up different types of tissues that work together to form systems

System – Organs work together to form a system such as the digestive system – requires several organs like the stomach, small intestines, brain, etc. Systems form a fully developed Organism.

 

Endocytosis – Process by which the cells transport stuff INTO the cell

Exocytosis – Process by which the cells transport stuff OUT of the cell

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    Mr. Hetrick

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